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Jabal Seis is considered one of the most enchanting sites in the Syrian desert: an Umayyad fortress built between 707 and 715 CE within the crater of an extinct volcano, transformed into a caliphal summer retreat that collected winter rainwater. The surviving structures consist of mudbrick walls reinforced with wooden pegs, which provided flexibility against thermal expansion. A Kufic inscription on the southern gate bears the name of Caliph al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik.
